Goldenrod gall size varies because of

A) fluids secreted by gallfly larvae that change gene expression of cells in the goldenrod plant.
B) inherited differences among gallflies.
C) inherited differences among goldenrod plants.
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Gall Size

The physical dimension of a gall, which is a growth or swelling on plants caused by parasitic insects or mites.

Gallfly Larvae

The juvenile stage of gallflies, which induce the formation of galls on plants where they then live and feed.

Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, influencing an organism's structure and functions.